Document Type : مقالات

Author

payam e noor university

Abstract

Extended abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
The challenge of measuring the effects of intellectual capital on sustainable financial performance, in particular the rate of return and profitability of a company, is a research issue that needs to be dealt with more deeply, since, according to evidence, the knowledge available in this area is very limited. Also, although the strategic role of these assets has been well accepted, there is little knowledge about how their interaction affects organization and its performance. This paper expands the literature of intellectual capital by enriching research on the interrelationships between the various dimensions of intellectual capital. There are limited studies that consider human capital as the driving force behind of the other intellectual capital. Contrary to previous studies, we focus on intellectual capital in terms of informational, structural, relational, and human capital, and explore the relationship between these four types of intellectual capital. On the other hand, the existence of transformational leadership can be a key factor in the creation and development of intellectual capital for the long-term success of an organization. Hence, the purpose of this study is explaining the nature of the components of intellectual capital in small and medium enterprises and to explain their mediating role in the relationship between transformational leadership style and performance.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Intellectual capital can be defined as a set of knowledge, experience, intellectual property, and specific knowledge capabilities that a company can use to generate wealth or to gain competitive advantage. According to the resource – advantage theory, argued that competitive advantage was based on intangible resources, and in particular, it includes human, relational, structural and informational capital. To better understand the interaction between these components of intellectual capital, several researchers have attempted to identify the nature of relationships that exist between them. They found that human capital might have a positive impact on relational capital and these two components, in turn, may have a significant impact on structural capital. It is also shown that information capital indirectly and through structural capital, affects on relational capital and ultimately affects on business performance.on the other hand, transformational leaders, by providing an area of ​​autonomy and participation of employees in decision making, create the field of promoting innovative behaviors in human capital. these innovative behaviors increase the effectiveness of human capital in terms of return on investment. hence, these leaders support the professional development of their employees in pursuit of the benefits of human capital.
3- METHODOLOGY
This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection, is a descriptive and correlation research based on the covariance-oriented of structural equations modeling . this research was conducted at the level of individual analysis and its population consists of senior managers of small and medium enterprises active in the food industry throughout the country in 2016. based on the morgan table, 400 people were selected as samples. finally, from a total of 450 distributed questionnaires to participants, 368 questionnaires (81.7%) were returned. the main instrument for collecting data in this research is a questionnare by likert scale. the face validity of the questionnaire was reviewed and confirmed by the experts and cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. finally, data analysis was performed using spss 19 and lisrel 8.5 software.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
 Statistical analysis indicated that the transformational leadership style had a significant and direct effect on human capital (with an intensity of 0.55). further, evidence suggests that human capital has a significant impact on informational capital. in addition, the findings suggests a significant impact of informational capital on structural capital (with an intensity of 0.45), and the weaker impact of structural capital on relational capital with an intensity impact of (0.18). finally, findings in this regarding that how intellectual capital impact on business performance, show that relational capital is the only component that has the potential to have a direct impact on performance.
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
 According to the findings of this study, managers of selected companies should adopt a transformational leadership style in their management priority. also, the transformational leaders of these businesses must realize the harmonious and balanced development of intellectual capital dimentions so that their organizations can use their entire knowledge base. strengthening of informational and structural capitals can play an important role in avoiding the companies from the red ocean of competition. also to improve relational capital, managers must be committed to customer-orientation, create more profitable distribution channels, increase their market share and improve their brand image.

Keywords

References
Abdollahi, B.; Safari, A., & Sabouri, R. (2016). The Transformational leadership style and intellectual capital management at the immigration and the passport police of the iri, quarterly. Journal of Police Management Studies, 10(3), 484-503. (in Persian)
Abdullah, D. F., & Sofian, S. (2012). The relationship between intellectual capital and corporate performance. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, 537-541.
Ariño, A.; De la Torre, J., & Ring, P. S. (2001). Relational quality: Managing trust in corporate alliances. California Management Review, 44(1), 109-131.
Baron, A. (2011). Measuring human capital. Strategic HR Review, 10(2), 30-35.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational Leadership, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, NJ.
Benevene, P., & Cortini, M. (2010). Interaction between structural capital and human capital in Italian NPOs: Leadership, organizational culture and human resource management. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 11(2), 123-139.
Birasnav, M.; Rangnekar, S., & Dalpati, A. (2010). Transformational leadership, interim leadership, and employee human capital benefits: an empirical study. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1037-1042.
Birasnav, M.; Rangnekar, S., & Dalpati, A. (2011). Transformational leadership and human capital benefits: The role of knowledge management. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 32(2), 106-126.
Boerner, S.; Eisenbeiss, S. A., & Griesser, D. (2007). Follower behavior and organizational performance: The impact of transformational leaders. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13(3), 15-26.
Bontis, N. (1998). Intellectual capital: an exploratory study that develops measures and models. Management decision, 36(2), 63-76.
Bontis, N. (2001). Assessing knowledge assets: a review of the models used to measure intellectual capital. International journal of management reviews, 3(1), 41-60.
Bontis, N.; Chua Chong Keow, W., & Richardson, S. (2000). Intellectual capital and business performance in Malaysian industries. Journal of intellectual capital, 1(1), 85-100.
Carless, S. A.; Wearing, A. J., & Mann, L. (2000). A short measure of transformational leadership. Journal of business and psychology, 14(3), 389-405.
Čater, T., & Čater, B. (2009). (In) Tangible resources as antecedents of a company's competitive advantage and performance. Journal for East European Management Studies, 186-209.
Chen, J.; Zhu, Z., & Yuan Xie, H. (2004). Measuring intellectual capital: a new model and empirical study. Journal of Intellectual capital, 5(1), 195-212.
Cheng, M. Y.; Lin, J. Y.; Hsiao, T. Y., & Lin, T. W. (2010). Invested resource, competitive intellectual capital, and corporate performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 11(4), 433-450.
Claver-Cortes, E.; Zaragoza-Saez, P. C.; Molina-Manchon, H., & Úbeda-Garcia, M. (2015). Intellectual capital in family firms: human capital identification and measurement. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 16(1), 199-223.
Cohen, S., & Kaimenakis, N. (2007). Intellectual capital and corporate performance in knowledge-intensive SMEs. The Learning Organization, 14(3), 241-262.
Costa, R. V.; Fernandez, C. F. J., & Dorrego, P. F. (2014). Critical elements for product innovation at Portuguese innovative SMEs: an intellectual capital perspective. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 12(3), 322-338.
De Pablos, P. O., & Edvinsson, L. (2014). Intellectual Capital in Organizations: Non-Financial Reports and Accounts (Vol. 1). Routledge.
Dimov, D. (2016). Towards a qualitative understanding of human capital in entrepreneurship research.
Engelen, A.; Gupta, V.; Strenger, L., & Brettel, M. (2015). Entrepreneurial orientation, firm performance, and the moderating role of transformational leadership behaviors. Journal of Management, 41(4), 1069-1097.
Esmaeili, M. R., & Shariat Nejad, A. (2015). The Study of the relationship of transformational leadership with intellectual capital and psychological capital with the intermediary effect of transformational management, management studies (improvement and evolution), 23(7), 77-97. (in Persian)
Ferraro, O., & Veltri, S. (2011). The value relevance of intellectual capital on the firm’s market value: an empirical survey on the Italian listed firms. International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development, 2(1), 66-84.
Griffith, D. A.; Yalcinkaya, G., & Calantone, R. J. (2010). Do marketing capabilities consistently mediate effects of firm intangible capital on performance across institutional environments? Journal of World Business, 45(3), 217-227.
Hadijah, H. S.; Sule, E. T., & Mulyana, A. (2015). The Effect of transformational leadership and knowledge management on intellectual capital and its implication on the performance of state owned bank branch offices in West Java. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(5 S5), 97.
Haji Karimi, A. A.; Khorshidi, G. H., & Mohammadian, B. (2016). Influence of intellectual capital dimensions on performance of new product development with moderating role of knowledge depression, business management perspective, 15(26), 13-31. (in Persian)
Hsu, Y. H., & Fang, W. (2009). Intellectual capital and new product development performance: The mediating role of organizational learning capability. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(5), 664-677.
Hunt, S. D. (2000). A general theory of competition. Thousands Oaks. Cal. (Sage).
Jardon, C. M. (2018). Moderating effect of intellectual capital on innovativeness in Latin American subsistence small businesses. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 16(1), 134-143.
Jordão, R. V. D., & Almeida, V. R. D. (2017). Performance measurement, intellectual capital and financial sustainability. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 18(3), 643-666.
Kalkan, A.; Bozkurt, Ö. Ç., & Arman, M. (2014). The impacts of intellectual capital, innovation and organizational strategy on firm performance. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 700-707.
Kamath, G. (2008). Intellectual capital and corporate performance in Indian pharmaceutical industry. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 9(4), 684-704.
Kehelwalatenna, S. (2016). Intellectual capital performance during financial crises. Measuring Business Excellence, 20(3), 55-78.
Kianto, A.; Andreeva, T., & Pavlov, Y. (2013). The impact of intellectual capital management on company competitiveness and financial performance. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 11(2), 112-122.
Kianto, A.; Saenz, J., & Aramburu, N. (2017). Knowledge-based human resource management practices, intellectual capital and innovation. Journal of Business Research, 81, 11-20.
Kim, T. T.; Kim, W. G.; Park, S. S. S.; Lee, G., & Jee, B. (2012). Intellectual capital and business performance: what structural relationships do they have in upper‐upscale hotels? International Journal of Tourism Research, 14(4), 391-408.
Li, G.; Shang, Y.; Liu, H., & Xi, Y. (2014). Differentiated transformational leadership and knowledge sharing: a cross-level investigation. European Management Journal, 32(4), 554-563.
Mahmudi Meymand, M., & Kiarazm, A. (2016). Investigating the relationship between intellectual capital components and organizational innovation drivers. Transformational Management Research Journal, 7(14), 57-74.
Martin, B. C.; McNally, J. J., & Kay, M. J. (2013). Examining the formation of human capital in entrepreneurship: a meta-analysis of entrepreneurship education outcomes. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(2), 211-224.
Massingham, P. R., & Tam, L. (2015). The relationship between human capital, value creation and employee reward. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 16(2), 390-418.
McDowell, W. C.; Peake, W. O.; Coder, L., & Harris, M. L. (2018). Building small firm performance through intellectual capital development: exploring innovation as the “black box”. Journal of Business Research, 88, 321-327.
Mention, A. L., & Bontis, N. (2013). Intellectual capital and performance within the banking sector of Luxembourg and Belgium. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 14(2), 286-309.
Nazari, J. A., & Herremans, I. M. (2007). Extended VAIC model: measuring intellectual capital components. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 8(4), 595-609.
Nemanich, L. A., & Keller, R. T. (2007). Transformational leadership in an acquisition: a field study of employees. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(1), 49-68.
Novas, J.; Alves, M. D. C., & Sousa, A. (2015). Management accounting systems, intellectual capital and performance: an integrated approach.
Olander, H.; Hurmelinna-Laukkanen, P., & Heilmann, P. (2015). Human resources–strength and weakness in protection of intellectual capital. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 16(4), 742-762.
Örnek, A. Ş., & Ayas, S. (2015). The relationship between intellectual capital, innovative work behavior and business performance reflection. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 1387-1395.
Phillips, J. J. (2005). Investing in your company's human capital: Strategies to avoid spending too little--or too much. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn.
Rafferty, A. E., & Griffin, M. A. (2004). Dimensions of transformational leadership: Conceptual and empirical extensions. The leadership quarterly, 15(3), 329-354.
Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2003). Intellectual capital and firm performance of US multinational firms: a study of the resource-based and stakeholder views. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(2), 215-226.
Roos, J.; Roos, G.; Dragonetti, N. C., & Edvinsson, L. (1997). Intellectual capital: navigating the new business landscape.
Rowe, W. G., & Guerrero, L. (2012). Cases in leadership. Sage.
Scafarto, V.; Ricci, F., & Scafarto, F. (2016). Intellectual capital and firm performance in the global agribusiness industry: the moderating role of human capital. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 17(3), 530-552.
Schepers, J.; Wetzels, M., & de Ruyter, K. (2005). Leadership styles in technology acceptance: do followers practice what leaders preach?. Managing Service Quality: an International Journal, 15(6), 496-508.
St-Pierre, J., & Audet, J. (2011). Intangible assets and performance: analysis on manufacturing SMEs. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 12(2), 202-223.
Sulistyo, H. (2016). Innovation capability of SMEs through entrepreneurship, marketing capability, relational capital and empowerment. Asia Pacific Management Review, 21(4), 196-203.
Tovstiga, G., & Tulugurova, E. (2009). Intellectual capital practices: a four-region comparative study. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 10(1), 70-80.
Turner, N.; Barling, J., & Zacharatos, A. (2002). Positive psychology at work. Handbook of positive psychology, 52, 715-728.
Unger, J. M.; Rauch, A.; Frese, M., & Rosenbusch, N. (2011). Human capital and entrepreneurial success: a meta-analytical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3), 341-358.
Veltri, S., & Silvestri, A. (2011). Direct and indirect effects of human capital on firm value: evidence from Italian companies. Journal of Human Resource Costing & Accounting, 15(3), 232-254.
Vorhies, D. W., & Morgan, N. A. (2005). Benchmarking marketing capabilities for sustainable competitive advantage. Journal of Marketing, 69(1), 80-94.
Wang, W. Y., & Chang, C. (2005). Intellectual capital and performance in causal models: Evidence from the information technology industry in Taiwan. Journal of intellectual capital, 6(2), 222-236.
Whyte, M., & Zyngier, S. (2014). Applied intellectual capital management: experiences from an Australian public sector trial of the Danish intellectual capital statement. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 15(2), 227-248.
CAPTCHA Image