Successful implementation of strategic programs is one of the most important prerequisites for achieving sustained competitive advantage and meeting long-term objectives in complex and dynamic environments. However, in many organizations—particularly in developing countries—a significant gap is often observed between strategy formulation and effective implementation. Industrial organizations in Iraq are also confronted with numerous obstacles in carrying out strategic plans due to specific economic, political, and infrastructural conditions. Therefore, identifying, analyzing, and scientifically prioritizing these barriers can play a key role in improving organizational performance and increasing the likelihood of strategy success. This study aims to identify and analyze strategic barriers affecting the implementation of strategic programs in Al-Ittihad for Food Industries Co. Ltd. This company was selected as a case study because, as one of the largest producers of white sugar and vegetable oil in Iraq, it holds a key position in the national food supply chain and operates with diverse activities and a large workforce. The research was conducted using a descriptive–analytical approach with a mixed-methods design. Data were collected through desk/library studies, semi-structured interviews, specialized questionnaires, and direct observation. For analyzing the barriers, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and the Analytic Network Process (ANP) were employed. The results indicate that the obstacles fall into four categories: technical, process-related, managerial, and human resources. Weaknesses in technical infrastructure, lack of inter-unit alignment, and insufficient specialized skills among employees were identified as the most influential factors contributing to strategic implementation failure.