Document Type : Articles
Authors
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationships among employees' trust in organization, reciprocity norm in organization and employees' organizational identification. Furthermore, authors seek to analyze the moderating effect of organizational commitment components on these relationships. This research was performed using correlation-descriptive method. The statistical population consisted of Public Banks of Kerman city, among which five banks of Maskan, Refah, Tejarat, Mellat and Melli, and 40 branches were randomly selected. All 400 employees of the selected branches of banks participated in survey research, and data of 308 returned questionnaires were used to test research hypotheses and verify conceptual model. Pearson Correlation Test, Hierarchical Regression Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling were utilized to analyze collected data. The research results show that employees' trust, and reciprocity norm in organization, has positive and significant impacts on employees' organizational identification. Research findings indicate that reciprocity norm in organization has a positive and significant impact on the employees' trust. Moreover, among organizational commitment components, affective commitment appears to have positive and significant moderating role on the relationships of employees' trust in organization, and reciprocity norm on organizational identification of employees.
Keywords
- Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). Organizational socialization tactics: a longitudinal analysis of links to newcomers, commitment and role orientation, Academy of Management Journal, 33, 847–858.
- Anderson, J. C., & Narus, J. A. (1984). A model of the distributors' perspective of distributor manufacturer working relationships, Journal of Marketing, 48, 62-74.
- Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization, Academy of Management Review, 14, 20–39.
- Ashforth, R. E., & Mael, F. A. (1996). Organization identity and strategy as a context for the individual, Advances in Strategic Management, 13, 19-64.
- Atkinson, S., & Butcher, D. (2003).Trust in managerial relationships, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(4), 282–304.
- Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 6(1),74–94.
- Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment, American Journal of Sociology, 66, 32-40.
- Bergami, M., & Bagozzi, R. (2000). Self-categorization, affective commitment and group self-esteem as distinct aspects of social identity in the organization, British Journal of Social Psychology 39(4), 555-577.
- Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
- Bouty, I. (2000). Interpersonal and interaction influences on informal resource exchanges between R&D researchers across organization, boundaries, Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 50-66.
- Brandts, J., & Sola, C. (2001). Reference points and negative reciprocity in simple sequential games, Games and Economic Behavior, 36, 138-157.
- Brown, M. E. (1969).Identification and some conditions of organizational involvement, Administrative Science Quarterly (September), 346-355.
- Çakinberk, A.; Derin, N., & Demirel, E.T. (2011). Shaping of organizational identification by organizational commitment: example of private education institutions in Malatya and Tunceli, İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 89-121.
- Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1980). New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfillment, Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, 39-52.
- Connaughton, S. L., & Daly, J. A. (2004). Identification with leader, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 9(2), 89-103.
- Creed, W. E. D., & Miles, R. E. (1996). A conceptual framework linking organizational forms, managerial philosophies and the opportunity costs of controls, in Kramer, R.M. and Tyler, - T. R. (Eds.), Trust in organizations. frontiers of theory and research, Sage publications, thousand oaks, 16–38.
- Cremer, D. D., & Vanknippenberg, D. (2005). Cooperation as a function of leader self sacrifice, trust and identification, Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 25(5), 355-369.
- Decremer, D.; Vandlike, M., & Bos A. E. R. (2006). Leader’s procedural justice affecting identification and trust, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 27(7), 554-565
- Dutton, J.; Dukerich, J., & Harquail, C. V. (1994). Organizational images and membership commitment, Administrative Science Quarterly, 34, 239-263.
- Falk, A., & Fischbacher, U. (2006). A theory of reciprocity, Games and Economic Behavior, 54, 293-315.
- Ford, D.; Gadde, L. E.; Hakansson, H.; Lundgren, A.; Snehota, L., & Turnbull, P. (1998). Managing business relationships, Chicester, england: John Wiley & Sons.
- Gioia D. A., & Thomas, J. B. (1996). Identity, image and issue interpretation: sense making during strategic change in academia, Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(3), 370–403.
- Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: a preliminary statement, American Sociological Review, 25, 161-177.
- Gunthorsdottir, A.; McCabe, K., & Smith, V. (2002).Using the machiavellianism instrument to predict trustworthiness in a bargaining game, Journal of Economic Psychology, 23, 49-66.
- Gu, G., & Jarvenpaa, S. (2003). Online discussion boards for technical support: the effect of token recognition on customer contributions, in: Proceedings of the 24th international conference on information systems, seattle, WA, USA: association for
information systems, 110.
- Haslam, S. A.; Postmes, T., & Ellemers, M. (2003). More than a metaphor: organizational identity makes organizational life possible, British Journal of Management, 14(4), 357-369.
- Hogg, M. A. (2001). A social identity theory of leadership, personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 184–200.
- Hogg, M. A; Terry, D. J., & White, K. M. (1995). A tale of two theories: a critical comparison of identity theory with social identity theory, Social Psychology Quarterly, 58(4), 255-269.
- Huemer, L. (2004). Balancing between stability and variety: identity and trust trade-offs in networks, Industrial Marketing Management, 33, 251-259.
- Jones, G. R., & George J. M. (1998). The experience and evolution of trust: implications for cooperation and teamwork, Academy of Management Review 23(3), 531–546.
- Kärreman D., & Alvesson M. (2001). Making newsmakers: conversational identity at work, Organization Studies, 22(1), 59–89.
- Kline, R. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, The guilford press. New York.
- Kramer, R. M., & Brewer, M. B. (1984). Effects of group identity on resource use in a simulated commons dilemma, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1044-1057.
- Kramer, R. M. (1993). Cooperation and organizational identification, in J. K. murnighan (Ed), Social Psychology in Organizations, englewood cliffs, NJ: prentice hall, 144-269.
- Kramer, R. M.; Brewer, M. B., & Hanna, B. A. (1996). Collective trust and collective action: the decision to trust as a social decision, In R. M. K. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research, 357-389, Thousand oaks, CA: sage.
- Kramer, R. M. (1999). Trust and distrust in organizations: emerging perspectives, enduring questions, Annual Review Psychology, 50, 569–598.
- Kramer, R. M.; Hanna, B. A.; Su, S., & Wei, J. (2001). Collective identity, collective trust, and social capital: linking group identification and group cooperation, in turner, M. E. (Ed.), Groups at Work: Theory and Research.
- Lee, H. (2004). The role of competence based trust and organizational identification in continuous improvement, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19(6), 623-639.
- Lee, C-C.; Wu, C-C., & Lee, H-M. (2009). Factors that influence employees organizational identity after M & A: the acquirer and acquired perspective, African Journal of Business Management 3(11), 695-704.
- Mael, F. A., & Tetrick, L. E. (1992). Identifying organizational identification, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 813-824.
- Malhotra, D. (2004). Trust and reciprocity decisions: the differing perspectives of trustors and trusted parties, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94, 61-83.
- Mathews, B. P., & Shepherd, J. l. (2002). Dimensionality of the BOCS revisited, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 369-375.
- Meyer, P. J., & Allen, J. N. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment, Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61−89.
- Meyer, J. P.; Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: extension and test of a three-component conceptualization, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538-551.
- Meyer, P. J., & Allen, J. N. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: theory, research, and application, Thousand oaks, CA: sage.
- Mishra, J., & Morrissey, M. A. (1990). Trust in employee/employer relationships: a survey of west michigan managers, Public Personnel Management, 19(4), 443-461.
- Mowday, R. T.; Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment, Journal of Vocational Behavior,14, 224-247.
- Mowday, R. T.; Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee - organizational linkages: the psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover, New York: academic press.
- Nannally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory, McGraw-hill, New York.
- Neter, J.; Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. H. (1985). Applied linear statistical models, Homewood, IL:Irwin.
- O'reilly, C., & Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: the effects of compliance, identification, and internalization on pro-social behavior, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 492-499.
- Pedhazur, E. J. (1997). Multiple regression in behavior research, Fortworthitx: harcourt brace college publishers.
- Pillutla, M. M.; Malhotra, D., & Murnighan, J. K. (2003). Attributions of trust and the calculus of reciprocity, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 448-455.
- Powell, D. M., & Meyer, J. p. (2004). Side-bet theory and the three-component model of organizational commitment, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 157-177.
- Pratt, M. G. (1998). To be or not to be? central questions in organizational identification, in D. A. Whetten., & P. C. Godfrey (Eds.), Identity in organizations: building theory through conversations, 171−207, Thousand oaks, CA: sage.
- Pratt, M. G., & Foreman, P. O. (2000). Classifying managerial responses to multiple organizational identities, Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 18-42.
- Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone, New York Simon and Schuster.
- Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization, Academy of Management Review, 14, 20–39.
- Ashforth, R. E., & Mael, F. A. (1996). Organization identity and strategy as a context for the individual, Advances in Strategic Management, 13, 19-64.
- Atkinson, S., & Butcher, D. (2003).Trust in managerial relationships, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(4), 282–304.
- Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 6(1),74–94.
- Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment, American Journal of Sociology, 66, 32-40.
- Bergami, M., & Bagozzi, R. (2000). Self-categorization, affective commitment and group self-esteem as distinct aspects of social identity in the organization, British Journal of Social Psychology 39(4), 555-577.
- Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
- Bouty, I. (2000). Interpersonal and interaction influences on informal resource exchanges between R&D researchers across organization, boundaries, Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 50-66.
- Brandts, J., & Sola, C. (2001). Reference points and negative reciprocity in simple sequential games, Games and Economic Behavior, 36, 138-157.
- Brown, M. E. (1969).Identification and some conditions of organizational involvement, Administrative Science Quarterly (September), 346-355.
- Çakinberk, A.; Derin, N., & Demirel, E.T. (2011). Shaping of organizational identification by organizational commitment: example of private education institutions in Malatya and Tunceli, İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 89-121.
- Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1980). New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfillment, Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, 39-52.
- Connaughton, S. L., & Daly, J. A. (2004). Identification with leader, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 9(2), 89-103.
- Creed, W. E. D., & Miles, R. E. (1996). A conceptual framework linking organizational forms, managerial philosophies and the opportunity costs of controls, in Kramer, R.M. and Tyler, - T. R. (Eds.), Trust in organizations. frontiers of theory and research, Sage publications, thousand oaks, 16–38.
- Cremer, D. D., & Vanknippenberg, D. (2005). Cooperation as a function of leader self sacrifice, trust and identification, Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 25(5), 355-369.
- Decremer, D.; Vandlike, M., & Bos A. E. R. (2006). Leader’s procedural justice affecting identification and trust, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 27(7), 554-565
- Dutton, J.; Dukerich, J., & Harquail, C. V. (1994). Organizational images and membership commitment, Administrative Science Quarterly, 34, 239-263.
- Falk, A., & Fischbacher, U. (2006). A theory of reciprocity, Games and Economic Behavior, 54, 293-315.
- Ford, D.; Gadde, L. E.; Hakansson, H.; Lundgren, A.; Snehota, L., & Turnbull, P. (1998). Managing business relationships, Chicester, england: John Wiley & Sons.
- Gioia D. A., & Thomas, J. B. (1996). Identity, image and issue interpretation: sense making during strategic change in academia, Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(3), 370–403.
- Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: a preliminary statement, American Sociological Review, 25, 161-177.
- Gunthorsdottir, A.; McCabe, K., & Smith, V. (2002).Using the machiavellianism instrument to predict trustworthiness in a bargaining game, Journal of Economic Psychology, 23, 49-66.
- Gu, G., & Jarvenpaa, S. (2003). Online discussion boards for technical support: the effect of token recognition on customer contributions, in: Proceedings of the 24th international conference on information systems, seattle, WA, USA: association for
information systems, 110.
- Haslam, S. A.; Postmes, T., & Ellemers, M. (2003). More than a metaphor: organizational identity makes organizational life possible, British Journal of Management, 14(4), 357-369.
- Hogg, M. A. (2001). A social identity theory of leadership, personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 184–200.
- Hogg, M. A; Terry, D. J., & White, K. M. (1995). A tale of two theories: a critical comparison of identity theory with social identity theory, Social Psychology Quarterly, 58(4), 255-269.
- Huemer, L. (2004). Balancing between stability and variety: identity and trust trade-offs in networks, Industrial Marketing Management, 33, 251-259.
- Jones, G. R., & George J. M. (1998). The experience and evolution of trust: implications for cooperation and teamwork, Academy of Management Review 23(3), 531–546.
- Kärreman D., & Alvesson M. (2001). Making newsmakers: conversational identity at work, Organization Studies, 22(1), 59–89.
- Kline, R. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, The guilford press. New York.
- Kramer, R. M., & Brewer, M. B. (1984). Effects of group identity on resource use in a simulated commons dilemma, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1044-1057.
- Kramer, R. M. (1993). Cooperation and organizational identification, in J. K. murnighan (Ed), Social Psychology in Organizations, englewood cliffs, NJ: prentice hall, 144-269.
- Kramer, R. M.; Brewer, M. B., & Hanna, B. A. (1996). Collective trust and collective action: the decision to trust as a social decision, In R. M. K. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research, 357-389, Thousand oaks, CA: sage.
- Kramer, R. M. (1999). Trust and distrust in organizations: emerging perspectives, enduring questions, Annual Review Psychology, 50, 569–598.
- Kramer, R. M.; Hanna, B. A.; Su, S., & Wei, J. (2001). Collective identity, collective trust, and social capital: linking group identification and group cooperation, in turner, M. E. (Ed.), Groups at Work: Theory and Research.
- Lee, H. (2004). The role of competence based trust and organizational identification in continuous improvement, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19(6), 623-639.
- Lee, C-C.; Wu, C-C., & Lee, H-M. (2009). Factors that influence employees organizational identity after M & A: the acquirer and acquired perspective, African Journal of Business Management 3(11), 695-704.
- Mael, F. A., & Tetrick, L. E. (1992). Identifying organizational identification, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 813-824.
- Malhotra, D. (2004). Trust and reciprocity decisions: the differing perspectives of trustors and trusted parties, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94, 61-83.
- Mathews, B. P., & Shepherd, J. l. (2002). Dimensionality of the BOCS revisited, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 369-375.
- Meyer, P. J., & Allen, J. N. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment, Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61−89.
- Meyer, J. P.; Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: extension and test of a three-component conceptualization, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538-551.
- Meyer, P. J., & Allen, J. N. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: theory, research, and application, Thousand oaks, CA: sage.
- Mishra, J., & Morrissey, M. A. (1990). Trust in employee/employer relationships: a survey of west michigan managers, Public Personnel Management, 19(4), 443-461.
- Mowday, R. T.; Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment, Journal of Vocational Behavior,14, 224-247.
- Mowday, R. T.; Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee - organizational linkages: the psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover, New York: academic press.
- Nannally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory, McGraw-hill, New York.
- Neter, J.; Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. H. (1985). Applied linear statistical models, Homewood, IL:Irwin.
- O'reilly, C., & Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: the effects of compliance, identification, and internalization on pro-social behavior, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 492-499.
- Pedhazur, E. J. (1997). Multiple regression in behavior research, Fortworthitx: harcourt brace college publishers.
- Pillutla, M. M.; Malhotra, D., & Murnighan, J. K. (2003). Attributions of trust and the calculus of reciprocity, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 448-455.
- Powell, D. M., & Meyer, J. p. (2004). Side-bet theory and the three-component model of organizational commitment, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 157-177.
- Pratt, M. G. (1998). To be or not to be? central questions in organizational identification, in D. A. Whetten., & P. C. Godfrey (Eds.), Identity in organizations: building theory through conversations, 171−207, Thousand oaks, CA: sage.
- Pratt, M. G., & Foreman, P. O. (2000). Classifying managerial responses to multiple organizational identities, Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 18-42.
- Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone, New York Simon and Schuster.
- Puusa, A., & Tolvanen, U. (2006). Organizational identity and trust, Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies.11(2), 29-33.
- Randel, A. E., & Jaussi, K. S. (2003). Functional background identity, diversity, and individual performance in cross-functional teams, Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 763–74.
- Ravishankar, M. N., & Pan, S. L. (2008). The influence of organizational identification on organizational knowledge management (KM), Omega, 36, 221-234.
- Read, C. (2001). Antecedents of organizational identification in multinational corporations: fostering psychological attachment to the local subsidiary and the global organization, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12, 1269-1291.
- Riketta, M. (2005). Organizational identification: a meta-analysis, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 358–384.
- Riketta, M., & Van Dick, R. (2005). Foci of attachment in organizations: a meta-analysis comparison of the strength and correlates of work-group versus organizational commitment and identification, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67,
490–510.
- Rousseau, D. M.; Sitkin, S. B.; Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: a cross-discipline view of trust, Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 393–404.
- Rousseau, D. M. (1998). Why workers still identify with organizations, Journal of Organizational Behavior,19, 217-233.
-Rowley, T. J., & Moldoveanu, M. (2003). When will stakeholder groups act? an interest-and identity-based model of stakeholder group mobilization, Academy of Management Review,28(2), 204–219.
- Ryan, T. P. (1997). Modern regression methods, New York: Wiley.
- Sarmad, Z.; Bazagan, A., & Hejazii, A. (1993). Research methods in behavioral sciences, First Eds, Aga publication corporation (in Persion).
- Shamir, B., & Lapidot, Y. (2003). Trust in organizational superiors: systemic and collective considerations, Organization Studies, 24(3), 463–491.
- Smidts, A.; Pruyn, A., & Riel, C. B. M. (2001). The impact of employee communication and perceived external prestige on organizational identification, Academy of Management Journal, 49, 1051-1062.
- Tajfel, H. (1978). Social categorization, social identity, and social comparison, in H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Inter-Group Relations, London: academic press.
- Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of inter-group conflict, in W.C. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Inter-Group Relations, 33– 47, Monterey, CA: brooks/Cole.
- Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: studies in social psychology, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Turner, J. (1987. Rediscovering the social group: a self-categorization theory, New York: Basil Blackwell Inc.
- Tan, H. H., & Tan, C. S. F. (2000). Toward the differentiation of trust in supervisor and trust in organization, Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs,126(2), 241–260.
- Tuzun, I. K., & Caglar, I. (2009). Investigating the antecedents of organizational identification, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 10(2), 284-293.
- Tyler, T. R.; Boeckmann, R. J.; Smith, H. J., & Yuen, J. H. (1997). Social justice in a diverse social, Boulder: Co: westiview press, 317.
- VanDick, R.; Wagner, U.; Stellmacher, J., & Christ, O. (2005). Category salience and organizational identification, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 273-285.
- Wallace, J. E. (1995). Organizational and professional commitment in professional and nonprofessional organizations, Administrative Science Quarterly, 40 (2), 228-255.
- Wan-Huggins, V. N.; Riordan, C. M., & Griffeth, R. W. (1998). Development and longitudinal test of a model of organizational identification, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(8), 724-749.
- Zaheer, S.; Schomaker, M., & Genc M. (2003). Identity versus culture in mergers of equals, European Management Journal, 21(2), 185–91.
- Randel, A. E., & Jaussi, K. S. (2003). Functional background identity, diversity, and individual performance in cross-functional teams, Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 763–74.
- Ravishankar, M. N., & Pan, S. L. (2008). The influence of organizational identification on organizational knowledge management (KM), Omega, 36, 221-234.
- Read, C. (2001). Antecedents of organizational identification in multinational corporations: fostering psychological attachment to the local subsidiary and the global organization, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12, 1269-1291.
- Riketta, M. (2005). Organizational identification: a meta-analysis, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 358–384.
- Riketta, M., & Van Dick, R. (2005). Foci of attachment in organizations: a meta-analysis comparison of the strength and correlates of work-group versus organizational commitment and identification, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67,
490–510.
- Rousseau, D. M.; Sitkin, S. B.; Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: a cross-discipline view of trust, Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 393–404.
- Rousseau, D. M. (1998). Why workers still identify with organizations, Journal of Organizational Behavior,19, 217-233.
-Rowley, T. J., & Moldoveanu, M. (2003). When will stakeholder groups act? an interest-and identity-based model of stakeholder group mobilization, Academy of Management Review,28(2), 204–219.
- Ryan, T. P. (1997). Modern regression methods, New York: Wiley.
- Sarmad, Z.; Bazagan, A., & Hejazii, A. (1993). Research methods in behavioral sciences, First Eds, Aga publication corporation (in Persion).
- Shamir, B., & Lapidot, Y. (2003). Trust in organizational superiors: systemic and collective considerations, Organization Studies, 24(3), 463–491.
- Smidts, A.; Pruyn, A., & Riel, C. B. M. (2001). The impact of employee communication and perceived external prestige on organizational identification, Academy of Management Journal, 49, 1051-1062.
- Tajfel, H. (1978). Social categorization, social identity, and social comparison, in H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Inter-Group Relations, London: academic press.
- Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of inter-group conflict, in W.C. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Inter-Group Relations, 33– 47, Monterey, CA: brooks/Cole.
- Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: studies in social psychology, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Turner, J. (1987. Rediscovering the social group: a self-categorization theory, New York: Basil Blackwell Inc.
- Tan, H. H., & Tan, C. S. F. (2000). Toward the differentiation of trust in supervisor and trust in organization, Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs,126(2), 241–260.
- Tuzun, I. K., & Caglar, I. (2009). Investigating the antecedents of organizational identification, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 10(2), 284-293.
- Tyler, T. R.; Boeckmann, R. J.; Smith, H. J., & Yuen, J. H. (1997). Social justice in a diverse social, Boulder: Co: westiview press, 317.
- VanDick, R.; Wagner, U.; Stellmacher, J., & Christ, O. (2005). Category salience and organizational identification, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 273-285.
- Wallace, J. E. (1995). Organizational and professional commitment in professional and nonprofessional organizations, Administrative Science Quarterly, 40 (2), 228-255.
- Wan-Huggins, V. N.; Riordan, C. M., & Griffeth, R. W. (1998). Development and longitudinal test of a model of organizational identification, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(8), 724-749.
- Zaheer, S.; Schomaker, M., & Genc M. (2003). Identity versus culture in mergers of equals, European Management Journal, 21(2), 185–91.
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