نوع مقاله : مقالات
نویسندگان
چکیده
ظرفیت دولت و حاکمیت از جمله مفاهیم جدیدی است که در طول دهه اخیر به ادبیات مدیریت دولتی و علوم سیاسی وارد شده است. درکنار این مفهوم، مفهوم ظرفیت نهادهای غیرحاکمیتی نیز مورد نظر بوده است. در این مقاله، ظرفیت غیرحاکمیتی در ابعادی چون ظرفیت یک کشور در حوزه رسانه‌ها، احزاب، سازمان‌های پژوهشی و تحقیقاتی، گروه‌های ذی‌نفوذ، بخش خصوصی و شهروندان دیده شده است. نکته نو‌آورانه این نوشتار در ارائه مدلی است که هم ابعاد مفهومی و نظری ظرفیت غیرحاکمیتی را معرفی می‌نماید و هم تدوین شاخص‌ها و جمع‌آوری اطلاعات این شاخص‌ها را در مورد کشورهای مختلف جهان مدنظر دارد. این پژوهش از لحاظ پارادایم پژوهشی از پارادایم اثبات‌گرا بهره برده است و از لحاظ گونه‌شناسی پژوهش در دسته پژوهش‌های بنیادی قرار دارد. از لحاظ گردآوری داده‌ها نیز در دسته پژوهش‌های کمّی می‌گنجد که با ابزار مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری انجام شده است. روش گردآوری داده‌ها نیز مرور اسناد و مدارک بوده و محدوده پژوهش نیز دربرگیرنده کشورهای جهان است. اجرای روش مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری نشان از آن دارد که داده‌های گردآوری شده به نحو مناسبی مدل مفهومی مطرح شده در پژوهش را تایید می‌کنند. در این مدل، ظرفیت غیرحاکمیتی از طریق ظرفیت رسانه‌ها، سازمان‌های پژوهشی، بخش خصوصی و ظرفیت شهروندان اندازه‌گیری شده است. برای این اندازه‌گیری اطلاعات مربوط به 40 شاخص برای 159 کشور گردآوری شده و مدل مفهومی پژوهش با استفاده از داده‌های این 40 شاخص مورد تایید قرار گرفته است. بنا به نتایج این پژوهش، ظرفیت غیر حاکمیتی از چهار خرده مقیاس ظرفیت رسانه‌ها، ظرفیت سازمان‌های پژوهشی، ظرفیت بخش خصوصی و ظرفیت شهروندان تشکیل شده است و از طریق این چهار خرده مقیاس، می‌توان سازه ظرفیت غیرحاکمیتی را اندازه‌گیری کرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
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- Bovaird, T., & Löffler, E. (2003). Evaluating the quality of public governance: indicators, models and methodology. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 69, 313-328.
- Bovaird, T.; Löffler, E., & Parrado Diez, S. (2004). Evaluating the quality of local governance: some lessons from european experience. Portland, Oregon: Aspa.
- Boyte, H. C. (2005). Reframing democracy: governance, civic agency and politics. Public Administration Review, 65(5), 536-546.
- Brooks, M. P. (2002). Planning theory for paractitioners. Chicago: IL: planners Press.
- Conteh, C. (2007). Capacity and legitimacy in policy implementation. McMaster university.
- Creighton, J. (2005). The public participation handbook: making better decisions through citizen involvement. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Creswell, J. W. (2007). Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (third edition ed.). prentice hal.
- Danaeifard, H.; Alvani, M., & Azar, A. (2008). The methodology of quantitative research in management: a comprehansive approach. Tehran: saafar publicationn. (in Persian)
- Diers, J. (2004). Neighbor power: building community the seattle way. Seattle: university of Washington press.
- Egypt human development report 2003. (2003). United nations development programme.
- Englebert, P. (2000). Pre-colonial institutions, post-colonial states, and economic development in tropical africa. Political Research Quarterly, 53(1), 7-36.
- Erick-Hans Klijn, K., & Koopenjan, J. F. (1997). Managing complex networks. strategies for the public sector. London, thousand Oaks and New Delhi: sage.
- Evan, P. B.; Rueschemeyer, D., & Skocpol, T. (1985). Bringing the state back in. Cambridge: Cambridge: university press.
- Fritz, V. (2005). State weakness in eastern europe: concept and causes. european university institute, Robert Schuman centre for advanced studies.
- Fukuyama, F. (2004). State building, governance and world order in the twenty-first century. London: profile books.
- Grande, E. (2001). The erosion of state capacity and the european innovation policy dilemma, a comparison of german and EU information technology policies. Vienna: institute for advanced studies.
- Grindle, S. M., & Hilderbrand, M. E. (1995). Building sustainable capacity in the public sector: what can be done? Public Administration and Development, 15, 441-463.
- Haggard, S. (1990). Pathways from the periphery: the politics of growth in the newly industrializing countries. Ithica: Cornell university press.
- Hashimoto, T.; Hell, S., & Nam, S.-W. (2005). Public policy research and training in Vietnam. Tokyo: asian development bank.
- Howlett, M. (2007). Policy analytical capacity as a source of policy failure. Annual meeting of the Canadian political science association. university of Saskatchewan.
- Ian, M. (2006). Democratization and state capacity in east and southeast Asia. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 2(2), 69-92.
- Innes, J., & Booher, D. E. (2002). Collaborative planning as capacity building: changing the paradigm of governance. Association of European Schools of planning Conference.
- Logan, J. R., & Molotch, H. L. (2007). Urban fortunes: the political economy of place. Berkeley: university of California press.
- Makano, F. (2008). Does institutional capacit matter? university of Missouri-St.
- Maxwell, E. M., & Donald, L. S. (1972). The aganda setting function of the press. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 176-187.
- McGann, J. G. (2010). The global "go to think tanks". Philadelphia: university of Pennsylvania.
- McKay, D. (2005). Amarican politics and society. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Muco, M. (2001). Low state capacity in southeast european transition countries. Journal of Southeast European & Black Sea Studies, 1(1), 41-45.
- National Research Council, (2008). Public participation in environmental assessment and decision making. (T. Dietz, & P. C. Stern, Eds.) Washington, D. C.: the national academies press.
- Norris, P. (2009). Public sentinel: news media and governance reform. Washington, DC.: the world bank.
- Peterman, W. (2004). Advocacy vs. collaboration: comparing inclusionary community planning models. Community Development Journa , 39(3), 266-276.
- Peters, B. G. (1996). The policy capacity of government. . Research paper, No 18. Canadian center for management development.
- Polidano, C. (2000). Measuring public sector capacity. World Development, 28(5), 805-822.
- Rhodes, R. (1997). Understanding governance: policy networks, governance, reflexivity and accountability. Buckingham: open university press.
- Riddell, N. (2007). Policy research capacity in the federal Government. Ottawa: policy research Initiative.
- Roseland, M. (2005). Toward sustainable communities: resources for citizens and their governments. Canada: new society publishers.
- Sharifiyan, S. M. (2001). Citizen participation, urban management and urban lord. Unban Management Journal, 8(2). (in Persian)
- Simon, J. (2003). The Change of function of political parties at the turn of millenium. the institute of political and social science.
- Smith, N. C. (1989). Pressure groups: a management introduction. Management Decision, 27(5), 22-27.
- Soroka, S. N. (2003). Media, public opinion and foreign policy. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 8, 27–48.
- Stone, D. (2004). Introduction: think tanks, policy advice and governance. In D.
- Stone, & D. Andrew, Think Tank Traditions, Policy Research and the Politics of Ideas (pp. 1-18). Manchester and New York: Manchester university press.
- Thunert, M. (1999). Think tanks als ressourcen der politikberatung, bundesdeutsche rahmenbedingungen und perspektiven. Forschungsjournal Neue Soziale Bewegungen, 12(3), 10-19.
- Trezzini, B. (2001). Institutional foundations of malaysia's state capacity. Asian Journal of Public Administration, 23(1), 33-63.
- UNDP, (2003). Thinking the unthinkable: from thought to policy. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
- Venessa, R. & Burul., U. (2007). The impact of state weakness on citizenship a case study of Kyrgyzstan. Communist and Post-Communist Studies , 40, 441-458.
- White, D. M. (1950). The gatekeeper: a case study in the selection of news. Journalism Quarterly, 27, 383-390.
- Wolfgang, D. (1995). Lopdogs, watchdogs and junkyard dogs. Media Studies Journal, 9(4), 17-30
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